More than a decade after regulators vowed to tame the risks of too-big-to-fail banks, White House officials were on a call. Why, one attendee asked, was JPMorgan Chase & Co. allowed to buy First Republic Bank that morning in a government-led auction?
The answer came, flatly, from Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen: They had the highest bid.
After a year marred by the biggest US bank failures since the 2008 financial crisis, the nation's largest lender is on familiar footing — scooping up a weakened rival, reeling in its clients and minting record profits along the way.
Yet for most of the industry, 2023 was bleak. In the first half, dozens of regional lenders swooned — and some collapsed — as rising interest rates slashed the value of assets on their books, saddling US banks with
As all that trouble started spilling into view in March, nervous depositors showed up at JPMorgan with more than $50 billion. The firm's executives raised expectations for net interest income – the difference between what a bank earns on loans and what it pays out to savers – a whopping four times throughout the year, eventually pulling in so much that the managers have taken to warning that it's "
That's put JPMorgan on track for the biggest annual profit in the history of American banking. Its earnings from the first nine months alone would rank as the company's second-best year ever. Analysts predict that by the end of this month, its annual net income will be 36% higher than last year — while the combined earnings of the next five largest banks rises about 1%.
JPMorgan's stock has soared to a record, gaining 26% in 2023 and outpacing every major competitor. The 24-member KBW Bank Index and 50-firm KBW Regional Banking Index are both down.
"There's a certain level of frustration from other banks," said Lee Raymond, the oil veteran who spent 33 years on JPMorgan's board. "When things kind of get in tough shape, it's an opportunity for somebody like JPMorgan to acquire some things that they would like to acquire but aren't in a position to."
Raymond would know: He helped create the country's largest oil company just before steering JPMorgan through its own massive deals.
'Real issues'
When the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. announced that JPMorgan won the auction for First Republic, it called the process "highly competitive" and noted that the bank, which Jamie Dimon has led for 18 years, offered the smallest hit to the agency's main insurance fund. Still, some regulators were uneasy with the outcome.
"If they're able to scoop up all of the failed institutions, even when there are other bidders, it raises real issues," Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Rohit Chopra told the Senate Banking Committee.
A Treasury spokesperson declined to comment when asked about the White House call, which was described by people with knowledge of the conversation. "First Republic was resolved with the least cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund, and in a manner that protected all depositors," the department said in a statement.
It's no wonder that JPMorgan could write the biggest check. The bank is four times larger than all three other bidders – PNC Financial Services Group Inc., Citizens Financial Group Inc. and Fifth Third Bancorp – combined. Put differently, since Dimon scooped up Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual during the 2008 financial crisis, JPMorgan has added a mountain of assets equal in size to Wells Fargo & Co., which is itself the fourth-largest US bank.
Even Dimon's competitors have acknowledged his success. Morgan Stanley Chief Executive Officer James Gorman recently praised him on
"There is nobody in the banking business that I've seen that compares," Raymond said. "It's really hard to see where anybody has done what JPMorgan has been able to do."
Peers stumble
The idea that some banks are too big to fail was popularized during the 2008 crisis, when officials emphasized the necessity of bailing out lenders whose collapse would have tanked the global financial system. The phrase had the ring of a slur then, but enormity has turned into a marker of stability, attracting clients in times of uncertainty.
"I actually don't know what 'too big to fail' means anymore," said Sandy Pierce, who's retiring from Huntington Bancshares Inc. after 45 years in the industry, including almost three decades at JPMorgan. "There is a difference, obviously, between what is going on for the big big banks and the regional banks."
JPMorgan has emerged as the biggest of the big. Its next-largest competitors have also added waves of clients, but those rivals have been in less of a position to play offense. Bank of America Corp. is contending with a mountain of unrealized losses on low-interest assets that may drag on earnings for years, while Citigroup Inc. and Wells Fargo & Co. are shoring up internal controls to address regulators' concerns.
Smaller lenders rely even more on net interest income and have seen theirs fall in 2023. The year also put an exclamation point on other challenges their executives had been flagging, such as the rising cost of keeping up with technological advancements. JPMorgan's annual tech budget now exceeds the revenue generated by all but the largest regional banks. This year, the firm raised its forecast for how much it will benefit from its embrace of artificial intelligence.
Meanwhile, the surprising fragility of some small and midsize lenders has prompted regulators to take a closer look at the entire sector, potentially raising their costs further.
That will make it all the harder for smaller lenders to narrow the gap with industry giants, said Keith Noreika, who was acting comptroller of the currency in 2017.
"The very largest banks came out winners, again," he said. "Size and scale in banking matter, and the regulatory and policy responses to the challenges we saw in the first half of the year dug an ever-deeper moat around the biggest banks."
Index colossus
That doesn't mean size guarantees success. Citigroup was the biggest bank in the US until the financial crisis, when it ended up leaning harder on taxpayer support than any of its competitors. And Wells Fargo was the most valuable bank in the US until 2016, when a spree of scandals put it in regulators' crosshairs.
Some of JPMorgan's admirers suggest it wins simply because it's enormous and stays out of trouble. One problem with the theory is that the bank's record isn't spotless.
Just this month, JPMorgan lost a European Union court appeal of a €337.2 million ($372 million) fine for rigging the Euribor benchmark. Last month, a judge approved JPMorgan's $290 million settlement with Jeffrey Epstein's victims. That was one of two agreements the firm reached this year to resolve claims it ignored red flags while continuing to provide financial services to the notorious sex offender long after his initial conviction.
Such problems typically have little, if any, impact on the stock.
As Dimon, 67, extends his tenure atop JPMorgan
"He's made it bigger and bigger," Raymond said. "Economy of scale is important in this industry, and that's really the point."
Doesn't everyone want to be big?
"Sure, they probably do," Raymond said. "But that doesn't mean they can accomplish it."
